Potato is one of the most important food crops,
Solanum tuberosum, clan solanaceae. Potatoes are probably the local crop in
America. During pre-Columbian times, its cultivation spread widely among the
indigenous peoples of America. It was the main food for them. Its history is
difficult to know, because the early writers used 'potato' names for sweet potato
(Ipomoea batatas) and other non-related plants. The Spanish explorers brought
it from Peru in the 16th century in Spain, from where it spread throughout
northern and eastern Europe. European settlers probably brought it to North
America in the year 1600; Thus, like the tomato, it is established as a
remedial foodflow in the Western Hemisphere. Potato as a major crop was first
adopted in the British Isles. In Ireland it became the main foodstuff in the
eighteenth century, and for this reason it was commonly called Irish potato to
separate from the sweet potato. In the twenty-first century of the history,
potatoes were important in Europe, especially in Germany, where it kept the
country alive during World War II. High stomach potato is a main food of the West
today, as well as a source of starch, flour, alcohol, dextrin and gooseberry
(mainly in Europe). It is best grown in cold and humid climate; In the United
States, especially in Maine and Idaho. Germany's largest potato producing
countries are Germany, Russia, Holland and Poland.
When the potato cultivation started in the Indian
subcontinent, it is not properly known. It is believed that in the beginning of
the seventeenth century Portuguese sailors brought the first potato in India.
The first record of potato cultivation in India is found in a number of The
Gardening Monthly Magazine published in England in 1847. Initially potato was
cultivated in the surrounding areas of Calcutta, where potato cultivation was
introduced in Cherrapunji. While Warren Hastings was Governor (1772-1785), his
initiative spread potato cultivation in many provinces, including Bombay.
Potatoes are an herbaceous, yearly crop; Generally two to three eye-shaped ears
are propagated by planting plants. The seeds of the same species are not found
in the same species of seed. The stems are straight or sebaceous, the lacquers,
the orbital or the branchless. Depending on the species, the stems are round or
angular, foamy or debris, green or red, purple.
The fruit is round, brown-green or purple, with
kidney shaped seeds, usually 12 to 18 mm in diameter. On the basis of variety,
soil, weather and temperature and light day, the size, shape and color of the
rings vary greatly. The bulb of popular varieties is usually round, oval or
oblong. Nutritious tuber is a good source of starch and starch and is a good
source of proteins, vitamins 'C' and 'B', potassium, phosphorus and iron. Most
minerals and proteins are concentrated in a thin layer below the skin and the
skin itself is the source of food foil.
There are hundreds of varieties of potato
cultivation in the world. These differences are externally, the shape of the
ear, the size and the color, the maturity time, the cooking and marketing
characteristics, yield and the prevention of disease and insect-spider
resistance. A suitable one area may not be suitable for other areas. The
varieties of potato cultivated in Bangladesh can be mainly divided into two
classes, local and high yielding (Uffashi). The alleged local varieties are not
entirely local. In the long run, they were brought to this part of the
subcontinent, and due to gradual degradation due to the absence of development
efforts, they became subservient. Despite being subsistent, some local
varieties are still cultivated for different flavors.
Around 27 varieties of native varieties of potato
are cultivated in different parts of the country. They have a localized name
According to the statistics, in 2004-05, cultivating local varieties of about
1,83,446 acres of land was produced and 5,99,518 m tons of potato was produced.
Known local varieties are (a) Shilbaliati - mainly cultivated in Rangpur. Bulb
rectangular, reddish Every ear weighs about 30 grams. (B) Drabhal - mainly
cultivated in Bogra, the bulb is round, reddish, each weighing about 55 grams.
This species is also known as Lalmadya or Bograi. (C) Lalappakari- Extensively
cultivated in Dinajpur, Bogra and Sirajganj districts, bulbs of red are round,
round, each weighs about 30 grams. (D) Dohazari - mainly cultivated in
Chittagong area, round and fakes, each weighing around 25 grams Among other
ethnic species, Zaubalati and Surja Mukhi are notable.
In the last few decades, dozens of high yielding
potatoes were brought to Bangladesh and before experiments were made for
general cultivation, they were experimentally examined in the local
environment. Then many varieties were released for cultivation. Considering the
fair value of the cultivation of varieties and other features, about 36 Uphasi
varieties have been released in the country for cultivation. Of course,
Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) imports approximately
200 m tons of potatoes every year to distribute among the farmers. Bangladesh
Agriculture Research Institute (BARI) has set up a farm in Debiganj, Panchagarh
for the production of Uphasi variety seeds. Among the high yielding popular
varieties, the following species are notable (a) Cardinal- Rectangular, reddish
bulb, shallow eyes, skin smooth The species has been brought from Holland. The
yield capacity is 20-30 m tons per hectare. (B) Another species of Holland,
rectangular from oval, yellow bulb in feces, skin blisters and eyes shallow. It
has the potential for moderate disease resistance. Hectare yields 25-30 m tons.
(C) Kufri syndery- tubers are reddish, round, eyes deep, and leathery. Caste
was brought from India; Less sensitive to disease. But now the cultivation of
the species has decreased. Among other notable other prominent varieties are
Patronis, Mulata, Hira, Morin, Orgo, Islesa, Granula, Felsina, Raja, Dura,
Estrichs etc.
Since its inception in 1977, BARI's Kandal Crops
Research Center has collected many new varieties of potatoes from the
International Potato Research Center, Peru and other sources. They are being
tested at the country's level to determine whether any of them are suitable for
cultivation in Bangladesh. The center has already made an important
contribution to the cultivation of some high yielding potato varieties. Potato
production is possible in 42,55,863 m tons by cultivating high yielding
potatoes in 6,222,828 acres of land in 2004-05.
Cultivation In winter, potatoes are widely
cultivated in all the districts of Bangladesh. Suitable for planting
well-applied sunbed sun with adequate moisture on the soil. The appropriate
time is November's first party. In some parts of the northeast, the farmers
planted potatoes in October to harvest crops early in October. In fact, the
whole of the planted potatoes are planted in hand. Farmers determine the
distance between seeds and side by side depending on soil quality and potato
varieties. Row distance is usually 45 to 60 cm The typical depth of planting
depends on the temperature of the soil and moisture, the next possible time of
planting, and later on the type of field management. If the plantation is
shallow, then only about 5 cm, then the soil is gradually to be raised above
the rows. To protect sunlight and insects from diseases, it is ensured to cover
the growing tubers well with soil. To protect the humidity of the soil and
increase the growth of weeds, it is often mulching with the husk and hay on the
row.
Applying balanced fertilizers and irrigation is
often necessary for the growth of the tree and the higher yield of the ear. The
quantity and degree of fertilizer application and distribution of irrigations
are determined by the quality of the soil and the prevailing weather
conditions. For satisfactory production of the ear, we have to follow other
agronomical services, including plant preservation and weed cleaning and insect
diseases.
When the production of potatoes is mature and the
bulb is fully formed, the leaves gradually turn yellow and later brown, and
finally die. It is better to lift crops after the symptoms are reported in the
field. Most varieties of crops are grown in February-March this year. Using
bullet or other tools in Bangladesh, the bulb is usually collected.
Potatoes are among the world's most important grains
in the first place of raw produce. It is grown in almost all countries of the
world. Potato main food in many countries of the world, including Europe,
America and Canada. About 90% of the world's potato crop is grown in Europe. In
the last 2-3 years, the production of potato varieties has increased in
Bangladesh due to the cultivation of high yielding varieties. The environment
required for production is excellent, but due to lack of expected marketing,
farmers are generally not interested in producing more potatoes. The smallest
part of the total production is exported, while the large quantity of seeds is
still imported.
In 2005-06, the total production of potatoes in the
country was 41,61,000 m tons. Various news reports have shown that the
production of potato bumper in the country in 2007-08. According to reliable
sources, the total production is about 82 million m tons. Most marginal farmers
save potato, especially local varieties at home, in a domestic manner. This
leads to widespread damage due to the removal of water, pests and diseases. The
country has 234 containers with an area of 22,00,000 m tons. The rest of the
potatoes produced are preserved in the homestead of their own farm or farmer in
the domestic way.
Seed production of potatoes is cultivated in about
8,06,294 acres of Bangladesh. This requires around 3,50,000 m tons of potato
potatoes. Most of the seeds used are not high quality. Farmers generally use
their potatoes as potato seeds. The next season is low yield.
Generally, two varieties of potatoes are imported by
the government, called a foundation or molecule and the other certified seed.
Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation distributes certified seeds
produced from the imported bases to the farmers of their own farm or on
contract basis farmers. Directly imported seeds are also sold to the farmers
through local BADC office. To make the yield of high yielding seeds among the
farmers, the BARI now produces breeding seeds on its own Debi Ganj farm and is
supplying to different non-government organizations including BADC.
Use Potato is mainly used in Bangladesh, although it
is contributing more than 90% of main food and strawberries to many countries
in the world. In Europe every year, millions of tons of potatoes are processed
to produce starch, alcohol, potato meals, flour, dextrose and other materials.
Potato chips, dehydrated mashed potatoes, French fries and canned potatoes are
available through processing. In the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany and other
countries, large quantities of potatoes are produced, especially for the
production of alcohol, starch, potato flour or flour and fodder. More potatoes
are used as food to the European countries than the United States and Canada.
In Asian countries, gram flour is used more than potato as a national food
diet.
Although the main use of potatoes in Bangladesh is
vegetables with meat, meat and eggs, there is a great diversity in adoption of
potatoes. The most important food items made from potatoes are: Siddhi potato,
Fried potato, Chukki potato, Bakur potato, Potato chips, Aloo vegetables,
Potato singers, Potato chips, French fries etc. Recently, bakery and fast food
shops in the country started preparing delicious meals with potatoes.
The harmful insects of potatoes are attacked by many
pests, mites and nematodes, and in favorable conditions, they can cause severe
damage to the field crops. Among the most harmful insects are cutworm, sperm,
leaf hopper, potato tuber moth, jabapoka, beetle.
At night on potato crop, Agatotus ypsilon cut the
stems and leaves on the right surface of the soil. C-shaped larvae hide under
the soil during the day. Adult moths are often seen flying on the ground. Field
Cricket, Brachytrypes portentosus, as well as Katuipokara damages. They cut the
root or root of the seedlings. Different types of leafy leaf potatoes attack
the trees. The most serious of these are Empoasca devastans (Cicadellidae,
Homoptera). Both the adult insects and nymphs dry the leaf juice at one time
and the leaves curl dry. 'Hyper-burn' can be caused by a massive attack. These
insects infect the virus as well. Zubpaka Myzus persicae and Apis gossypii
(Aphididae, Homoptera) Probably the most serious of potatoes. Both aged and
immature insects consume juice from the leaves, so the leaves fall downwards.
Their favorable environments have increased in large numbers. In addition to
food loss, Jabokoka potato virus is known to spread diseases which can severely
damage the production.
Another deadly pest of potato potato moth or
caterpillar, Phthorimaea operculella (Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera) Caterpillars
cut the leaves and stems and later attacked the potato. If the potato is kept
unprotected, their attack on the warehouse is at a critical level. At the time
of attack 80 percent of the potatoes may be damaged. Among the native
varieties, red pakri or Bogra potato is easily attacked by moths.
Diseases of potato are attacked by various diseases,
which are classified according to pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungal,
and nematodes infections. Some diseases are also observed due to environmental
factors or physiological deficiencies. Mild mosaics, rogos mosaics and papules
are important among viral diseases. The symptoms of mosaic diseases include the
stain marks of different colors and shapes, necrosis (black or mating in parts)
and leaf curly.
Among the most notable bacterial diseases of potato
in the country are Blackleg, Bacterial Wilt and Disease. Blackwood is by
Erwinia atroseptica, which attacks growing plants and warehouses; This type of
name is given in the beginning of the stem of the stem and it becomes black.
Brown rotten disease is by ralstonia solanacearum;
The leaves fall down, holding the bronze color and getting stuck and die. Apart
from this Sturptomyces scabies cause potato disease and damage to potato
properties.
The important fungal diseases of potato are diseases
like late blight, early blight, black scurf and kandapcha. Negatives among
potato diseases are the most serious and epidemic diseases. Parasitic Fungus
causes the disease at Phytopthora infestans. The primary symptoms of the
disease are in any part of the tree, mainly on the leaf black to black spots.
Anemia is caused by Alternaria solani, another
deadly disease of potato in Bangladesh. The black spots appear on the page with
dark brown. Stains are usually different shapes, in many cases, a number of
stains are assembled, causing large leaves to glow. Black scurf disease is
usually not very serious, but occasionally significant damage. This disease is
caused by the attack of Rhizoctonia solanij and in this, black spots are seen
from a very clear brown brown on the pot.
The best way to reduce the incidence of disease or
reduce the incidence of potato is to use disease-free seed. Before planting,
the seed must be thoroughly tested and the seeds need to be cleaned after sinking
in the recommended chemicals.
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